⦁ Explosion of knowledge of medicine - in the 20th century ,medicine became more complex, and treatment more costly
⦁ Social Injustice - The glaring contrasts in the state of health between the developed and developing countries, between the rural and urban areas, and between the rich and poor have attracted worldwide criticism as "social injustice".
⦁ The commitment of all countries, under the banner of the World Health Organization, is to wipe out the inequalities in the distribution of health resources and services, and attain the Millennium Development Goals/Sustainable Development Goals.
⦁ Goal of modern medicine - prevention of disease , improvement of the life of individuals, community and society and promotion of health
⦁ MEDICINE IN ANTIQUITY -
⦁ Indian Medicine (5000B.C.)- Ayurveda and the Siddha systems.
⦁ Ayurveda by definition implies the "knowledge of life'' or the knowledge by which life may be prolonged
⦁ Atreya, Charaka, Susruta and Vaghbhatt
⦁ Charaka (200 A.D.) , the most popular name in Ayurvedic medicine.
⦁ "Charaka Samhita". Charaka mentions some 500 drugs. The Indian snakeroot (rauwolfia) was employed for centuries by the Indian physicians, before reserpine was extracted from the root and found spectacularly effective in the treatment of hypertension.
⦁ Susruta, the "father of Indian surgery" - formed susruta samhita
⦁ "Tridosha theory of disease". The doshas or humors are: vata (wind) , pitta (gall) and kapha (mucus)
⦁ Hygiene was given an important place in ancient Indian medicine, looking at Mohenjo Daro and Harappa civilization
⦁ Golden age of Indian medicine was between 800 B.C. and 600 A.D
⦁ Unani-Tibb and Homeopathy - Unani Tibb originated from the Arabs(Greeks) and homeopathy was introduced by Samuel Hahnemann of Germany
⦁ Homeopathy - It is a system of pharmaco- dynamics based on "treatment of disease by the use of small amounts of a drug that, in healthy persons, produces symptoms similar to those of the disease being treated
⦁ Chinese medicine (2700 B.C.)- world' s first organized body of medical knowledge. the yang and the yin. The yang is believed to be an active masculine principle and the yin a negative feminine principle.The Chinese were early pioneers of immunization. The Chinese system o f "barefoot doctors" and acupuncture have attracted worldwide attention in recent years.
⦁ Egyptian medicine (2000B.C.) - Oldest civilizations. Imhotep was considered both a doctor and divinity. Egyptians to be The "the best of all'. They believed that disease was due to absorption from the intestine of harmful substances which gave rise to putrefaction of blood and formation of pus. PULSE is the speech of heart.
⦁ The Edwin Smith papyrus , the oldest treatise on surgery, accurately describes partial paralysis following cerebral lesions in skull fractures
⦁ Ebrus papyrus - 800 prescriptions based on some 700 drugs.
⦁ In the realm of public health also, the Egyptians excelled
⦁ Their god of health was Horus
⦁ They had also some knowledge of inoculation against smallpox, the value of mosquito nets and the association of plague with rats.
⦁ Mesopotamian medicine(2000 B.C.) - "Cradle of Civilization". Geomancy, the interpretation of dreams, and hepatoscopic divination (the liver was considered the seat of life)
⦁ Greek medicine (460- 136 B.C.) - why and how
⦁ Aesculapius - early leader
⦁ He had 2 daughters - Hygiea and Panacea
⦁ Hygiea was the goddess of health (preventive medicine)
⦁ Panacea was the goddess of medicine (curative medicine )
⦁ matter was made up of four elements - earth , air, fire and water.
⦁ Earth - cold (phlegm) - mucus from respiratory system
⦁ Air - dry (yellow bile) liver
⦁ Fire - hot (blood)
⦁ Water - moist (black bile ) - kidneys and spleen
⦁ The human body was assumed to have powers of restoration of humeral equilibrium, and it was the physician's primary role to assist in this healing process
⦁ Roman medicine (130-205 A.D) - The Romans borrowed their medicine largely from the Greeks whom they had conquered
⦁ They had a keen sense of sanitation . Public health was born in Rome with the development of baths, sewers and aqueducts. The Romans made fine roads throughout their empire, brought pure water to all their cities through aqueducts, drained marshes to combat malaria , built sewerage systems and established hospitals for the sick
⦁ GALEN - outstanding roman figure , teacher. Galen observed that disease is due to three factors - predisposing, exciting and environmental factors , a truly modern idea.
⦁ Middle ages (500-1500A.D.) - dark ages of medicine , fall of roman empire
⦁ Europe was ravaged by disease and pestilence: plague, smallpox, leprosy and tuberculosis
⦁ The practice of medicine reverted back to primitive medicine dominated by superstition and dogma
⦁ When Europe was passing through the Dark Ages, the Arabs stole a march over the rest of the civilization. They translated the Graeco-Roman medical literature into Arabic and helped preserve the ancient knowledge. Borrowing largely from the Greeks and Romans, they developed their own system of medicine known as the Unani system of medicine
⦁ Abu Becr - Rhazes
⦁ Ibn Sina - Avicenna
⦁ Greatest contribution of Arabs was in the field of pharmacology
⦁ Golden age of Arabic medicine was between 800-1300 A.D. hospitals started opening in England following in America and other countries
⦁ DAWN OF SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE - following 1500 A.D. , revolutions occurred - political, industrial, religious and medical
⦁ Revival of medicine - 1453- 1600A.D.
⦁ Paracelsus - revived medicine
⦁ Fracastorius - theory of contagion - He envisaged the transfer of infection via minute invisible particles and explained the cause of epidemics. Fracastorius recognized that syphilis was transmitted from person to person during sexual relations. He became the founder of epidemiology
⦁ Andreas Vaselius - first man of modern science
⦁ Ambroise Pare - father of surgery
⦁ Thomas Sydenham - dd of scarlet fever, malaria, dysentery and cholera . also a first distinguished epidemiologist
⦁ Harvey - discovery of circulation of blood
⦁ Leeuwenhoek - microscope
⦁ Jenner - vaccine of smallpox
⦁ Morgagni - found new branch of medicinal science - pathologic anatomy
⦁ Sanitary awakening - took place in England in mid nineteenth century
⦁ Industrial revolution of 18th century caused a havoc . The mean age at death in London was reported to be 44 years for the gentry and professionals and 22 years for working class .
⦁ Great cholera epidemic - 1832, Edwin Chadwick investigated it
⦁ Public health act of 1848 in England
⦁ Rise of public health - Cholera - Father of public health - was seen time again and again in western world in 19th century
⦁ John Snow, studied the epidemiology of cholera in London from 1848 to 1854 and established the role of polluted drinking water in the spread of cholera
⦁ William Budd, another pioneer, by careful observations of an outbreak of typhoid fever in the rural north of England concluded that the spread was by drinking water, not by miasma and sewer gas
⦁ then came the need for safe AND clean drinking water
⦁ Sir John Simon - first medical officer of health of London
⦁ This early phase of public health (1880-1920) is often called the "disease control phase"
⦁ public health followed in America too - published by Lemeul Shattuck
⦁ By the beginning of the 20th century, the broad foundations of public health - clean water, clean surroundings, wholesome condition of houses, control of offensive trades, etc were laid in all the countries of the western world.
⦁ public health progress is slow in India
⦁ Germ theory of disease - breakthrough came in 1860. when the French bacteriologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) demonstrated the presence of bacteria in air.
⦁ Robert Koch (1843- 1910) showed that anthrax was caused by a bacteria.
⦁ it was the golden age of bacteriology as a lot of microbes were discovered
⦁ Birth of preventive medicine - dates back to 18th centuary
⦁ James Lind - intake of fresh fruit and vegetables to prevent scurvy
⦁ Edward Jenner - vaccine for smallpox
⦁ Preventive medicine got a firm foundation only after the discovery of causative agents of disease and the establishment of the germ theory of disease
⦁ Pasteur anti rabies treatment
⦁ Cholera vaccine
⦁ Diphtheria antitoxin
⦁ Anti-typhoid vaccine
⦁ antiseptics and disinfectants
⦁ Bruce - African sleeping sickness was transmitted by tsetse fly
⦁ Ross demonstrated that malaria was transmitted by the Anopheles
⦁ Walter Reed and his colleagues demonstrated that yellow fever was transmitted by the Aedes mosquito
⦁ control disease by specific measures such as blocking the channels of transmission, e.g. , quarantine, water purification , pasteurization of milk, protection of foods, proper disposal of sewage, destruction of insects and disinfection.
Part 2 of the notes will be available shortly, till get well versed with this part.
And if you need some help studying, then here is the STUDY COURSE FOR ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY.
I personally found this course very helpful in my initial years of
college. Click down below and get yours study course today.
Have a nice day !
No comments:
Post a Comment